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盎格鲁-撒克逊(Anglo-Saxon) 是一个集合用语,通常用来形容五世纪初到1066年诺曼征服之间,生活于大不列颠东部和南部种族和语言上相近的民族。[1] 他们使用非常相近的日耳曼方言,被毕德认为是三个强大的日耳曼部族-源自日德兰半岛的盎格鲁人(Angles)和朱特人(Jutes)以及来自之后称作下萨克森地区的撒克逊人(Saxons)的后裔。盎格鲁人有可能来自Angeln,毕德描述他们的整个国家都来到了不列颠,留下他们空空的古老大地。[2]
地名显示出一些其他的日耳曼民族曾经来到:弗里斯兰人(Frisians)在 弗兰斯汉(Fresham)、弗瑞斯顿(Freston)和弗理斯顿(Friston);佛兰芒人(Flemings)在佛兰普顿(Flemptom)和佛林比(Flimby);士瓦本人(Swabians)在士瓦弗汉(Swaffham);或许法兰克人(Franks)在法兰克顿(Frankton)和法兰克雷(Frankley)。
可能在麦西亚国王奥发(755年-759年在位),或是阿佛列大帝(755年-759年在位)与他的继承者之下,盎格鲁-撒克逊的数个王国陆续建立。在艾塞斯坦(924年-937年在位)统治下,盎格鲁-撒克逊王国形成英格兰。
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盎格鲁-撒克逊一词出自阿佛列大帝时代的拉丁文件。在文件中,他似乎频繁使用rex Anglorum Saxonum或rex Angul-Saxonum这一称呼。
古英语词汇ænglisc和Angelcynn("Angle-kin", gens Anglorum)的意义已被证实与其专指盎格鲁人而排除撒克逊人的原意不同,早期的纪录显示其指五世纪后迁徙至英格兰的条顿民族。
八世纪初,毕德在他的《英格兰教会及人民史》(Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum)中提出:
其他古代文人没有提供相关的区别。尽管与其他王国相比,肯特王国的风俗显着不同。西撒克逊的文人常称自己的国家是Angelcyn的一部分,而自己的语言是Englisc,而西撒克逊的王室们则宣称他们是北方伯尼西亚王国(Bernicia)的后裔。从另一方面看,毕德对盎格鲁-撒克逊人的区分很有可能完全取自于像艾塞克斯(东撒克逊人)和东盎格利亚(东盎格鲁人)这些地名。至少,毕德所设想的英格兰人(gentis Anglorum and Anglorum populi)证实了盎格鲁-撒克逊一词在公元八世纪时已经出现人们的口中了。
伦巴底史学家保罗执事写的欧洲大陆的文献中似乎首先用到「盎格里—撒克森尼」(Angli Saxones)一词,它比阿佛列大帝时代的拉丁文件早了近一百年。但是,既是如此,没人怀疑这个词是被用来指「欧陆的古萨克森人」而不是指「英格兰的撒克逊人」。
盎格鲁-撒克逊英格兰历史从五世纪罗马帝国统治结束和盎格鲁-撒克逊众王国的建立到1066年诺曼人征服为止,大体上涵盖整个中世纪初期的英格兰历史。
日耳曼人据信于五世纪从现今德国北部和斯堪地那维亚南部迁徙至不列颠。(e.g. Undley bracteate).[3]根据毕德的《英格兰教会及人民史》一书, 迁入的人口传统上分为盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人,但是他们的组成并不十分明确,可能包含弗里斯兰人和法兰克人。The Parker Library拥有包含可能是日耳曼部族迁移至不列颠的最早纪录的《盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史》(Anglo-Saxon Chronicle)。盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人在150年希腊托勒密的《地理学指南》(Geographia)里被纪录为一个联盟。
AD 449. Here Mauricius and Valentinian succeeded to the kingdom and ruled 7 years. And in their days Hengist and Horsa, invited by Vortigern, king of the Britons, sought out Britain in the landing-place which is named Ebba's Creek, at first to help the Britons, but later they fought against them. The king ordered them to fight against the Picts, and they did so and had victory whosesoever they came. They then sent to Angeln and ordered them to send more help, and tell them of the worthlessness of the Britons and of the excellence of the land. They then sent them more help. These men came from three tribes of Germany: from the Old Saxons, from the Angles, from the Jutes came the Cantware and the Wihtware – that is the tribe which now lives on White – and that race in Wessex which they still call the race of the Jutes.
AD 455. Here Hengist and Horsa fought against Vortigern the king in the place which is called Aylesford, and his brother Horsa was killed. And after that Hengist, and Æsc his son, succeeded to the kingdom.
AD 457. Here Hengist and Æsc fought against the Britons in the place which is called Crayford, and there killed 4,000 men; and the Britons then abandoned the land of Kent and in great terror fled to the stronghold of London.
AD 465. Here Hengist and Æsc fought against the Welsh near Wipped’s Creek, and there killed 12 Welsh (Romano-Brythonic,) chieftains; and one of their Thegns, whose name was Wipped, was killed there.
AD 473. Here Hengist and Æsc fought against the Welsh and seized countless war-loot and the Welsh fled from the Englisc like fire.
AD 477. Here Ælle (Ælle of Sussex) and his 3 sons, Cymen and Wlencing and Cissa, came to the land of the Britain with 3 ships at the place which is named Cymen’s shore, and there killed many Welsh and drove some to flight into the wood which is named The Weald.
AD 485. Here Ælle fought against the Welsh near the margin of Mearcred’s Burn.
AD 488. Here Æsc succeeded to the kingdom, and was king of the inhabitants of Kent 24 years.
AD 491. Here Ælle and Cissa besieged Anderitum, and killed all who lived in there; there was not even one Briton left alive there.
AD 495. Here two chieftons; Cerdic and Cynric his son, came to Britain with 5 ships at a place which is called Cerdic’s Shore and the same day fought against the 'Welsh' (the Brythons.)
– Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
盎格鲁-撒克逊王国的基督教化从约西元600年开始,并实质上于八世纪中叶完成。整个七世纪到八世纪,较大的王国之间互相争夺权力。根据毕德的纪录,肯特王国的艾特尔伯特于六世纪末掌握统治权,但权力后北移至诺森布理亚。'麦西亚霸权'(Mercian Supremacy)于八世纪统治,但还是没有延续下去。肯特国王艾特尔鲍尔德和麦西亚国王奥发两位最强大的国王,达到最高统治地位。这个时期被形容为七国时代(Heptarchy),但这名词现今于学术上已不使用。这个词汇建立在南不列颠主要七国-肯特(Kent)、萨西克斯(南撒克逊,Sussex)、韦塞克斯(西撒克逊,Wessex)、艾塞克斯(东撒克逊,Essex)、诺森布里亚(Northumbria)、东盎格利亚(East Anglia)和麦西亚(Mercia)的基础上。越来越多的学术研究显示其他几个王国也在此时期佔有重要地位,包括:赫威赛(Hwicce)、麦肯赛特(Magonsaete)、林赛(Lindsey)和中盎格利亚。
九世纪,维京人的侵扰成为一个重大的问题。阿佛列大帝878年于埃丁顿的胜利带来短暂的和平,但诺斯人和Jórvík的建立让他们在不列颠获得永久的立足点。
九世纪的重大发展在于韦塞克斯王国的兴起,在阿佛列统治的末期,他被南方其他王国推举为最高君主。艾塞斯坦是第一位达成直接统治现今英格兰地区的国王。
在十世纪末,斯堪地那维亚人重新对英格兰产生兴趣,丹麦的斯韦恩和他的儿子克努特征服了这个地区。在许多次的权力更迭后,于1066年,一群宣称拥有英格兰王位的人经过两次入侵行动和战役:斯坦福桥战役(Battle of Stamford Bridge)和哈斯丁斯战役(Battle of Hastings),开启了盎格鲁-诺曼对不列颠的统治。
早期不列颠的盎格鲁-撒克逊建筑一般而言颇为简单,通常使用木材和茅草做为屋顶。盎格鲁-撒克逊人通常不喜欢居住在古罗马城市里,他们在其农耕中心旁建立小城镇。在每一个城镇中心里会有一个主要会堂。
There are few remains of Anglo-Saxon architecture, with no secular work remaining above ground. At least fifty churches are of Anglo-Saxon origin, with many more claiming to be, although in some cases the Anglo-Saxon part is small and much-altered. All surviving churches, except one timber church, are built of stone or brick and in some cases show evidence of re-used Roman work.
The architectural character of Anglo-Saxon ecclesiastical buildings range from Coptic influenced architecture in the early period; basilica influenced Romanesque architecture; and in the later Anglo-Saxon period, an architecture characterised by pilaster-strips, blank arcading, baluster shafts and triangular headed openings.
Anglo-Saxon art covers the period from the time of King Alfred (871–899), with the revival of English culture after the end of the Viking raids, to the early 12th century, when Romanesque art became the new movement. Prior to Alfred there had been the Hiberno-Saxon culture (the fusion of Anglo-Saxon and Celtic techniques and motifs) which ceased with the Vikings.
Anglo-Saxon art is mainly known today through illuminated manuscripts. It includes the Benedictional of St. Æthelwold manuscript, which drew on Hiberno-Saxon art, Carolingian art and Byzantine art for style and iconography. A "Winchester style" developed that combined both northern ornamental traditions with Mediterranean figural traditions and can be seen in the Leofric Missal (Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Bodl, 579). The Harley Psalter was a knockoff of the Carolingian Utrecht Psalter —all of which underscore the larger trend of an Anglo-Saxon culture coming into increasing contact with, and under the influence of, a wider Latin Mediæval Europe.
Manuscripts were not the only Anglo-Saxon art form, although they are the most well known to have survived. Perhaps the best known piece of Anglo-Saxon art is the Bayeux Tapestry which was commissioned by a Norman patron from English artists working in the traditional Anglo-Saxon style. The most common example of Anglo-Saxon art is coins, with thousands of examples extant. Anglo-Saxon artists also worked in fresco, ivory, stone carving, metalwork (see Fuller brooch for example) and enamel, but few of these pieces had survived.
盎格鲁-撒克逊语,又称古英语,是在阿佛列大帝统治之下通行的语言并延续形成英格兰(非丹麦区)的通用语言,直到1066年诺曼征服后,受到诺曼统治阶级的盎格鲁-诺曼语影响,在1150年到1500年之间大致转变为中古英语。
盎格鲁-撒克逊语比起中古英语跟早期日耳曼语较为相近。它较不拉丁化,并且保有许多十二到十四世纪之间消失的时态特点(动词和名词变化)。今日最接近古英语的语言是在荷兰和德国北部几百万人使用的弗里斯兰语。
在口语“古英语”或拉丁语文化广为传播前,古代北欧字母,称作futhorc (又称作futhark)被用来纪录。当文明变得广泛后,一种拉丁纪录的形式和几个futhork派生字母: 'Eth、' 'Wynn、'和'Thorn'开始被使用。
以下字母常用来编辑和印刷古英语文字:
和极少使用的j, k, q, v, and z。
极少的法典从盎格鲁-撒克逊时期留下至今,其法律文化受罗马法的影响颇大。这个法律文化除了诺曼征服之后的发展,盎格鲁-撒克逊时期的发展对于了解同时代来说非常重要。
盎格鲁-撒克逊文学包含史诗、圣徒言行录、训诫、圣经的翻译、法律文件、编年史、谜语等类型。目前大约有400本该时期留存至今的手抄本,这些手抄本对于研究以及建立盎格鲁-撒克逊语料库来说非常重要。
盎格鲁-撒克逊时期最着名的作品当属史诗《贝奥武夫》(Beowulf),其在不列颠有着民族史诗的地位。《盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史》(Anglo-Saxon Chronicle)是对早期英格兰历史的重要整理。七世纪的《卡德蒙的讚美诗》(Cædmon's hymn)被认为是现今最古老的英语文字纪录。
The indigenous pre-Christian belief system of the Anglo-Saxons was a form of Germanic paganism and therefore closely related to the Old Norse religion, as well as other Germanic pre-Christian cultures.
Christianity (particularly the Roman Catholic Church) gradually replaced the indigenous religion of the Saxons in England around the 7th and 8th centuries. Christianity was introduced into Northumbria and Mercia by monks from Ireland, but the Synod of Whitby settled the choice for Roman Christianity. As the new clerics became the chroniclers, the old religion was partially lost before it was recorded, and today historians' knowledge of it is largely based on surviving customs and lore, texts, etymological links and archaeological finds.
One of the few recorded references is that a Kentish King would only meet the missionary St. Augustine in the open air, where he would be under the protection of the sky god, Woden. Written Christian prohibitions on acts of paganism are one of historians' main sources of information on pre-Christian beliefs.
Despite these prohibitions, numerous elements of the pre-Christian culture of the Anglo-Saxon people survived the Christianisation process. Examples include the English language names for days of the week:
「Anglo-Saxon」仍然使用在西日耳曼语支演变成英语,现今语言学者通常会称为古英语。在19世纪"Anglo-Saxon"广泛于语言学使用,现今仍未弃用。
在美国及加拿大的流行用语「Anglo-Saxon"」(as in "White Anglo-Saxon Protestant" or "WASP") 在学业证明上被政治化。Until about 1960 it described a person of European origin fitting a certain socio-economic and/or ethnic profile.
法国使用「Anglo-Saxon」代表英语圈,包括美国、英国,有时亦包括加拿大、澳洲、新西兰及南非。广义而言,是包括英语、文化、科技、资产、市场及经济。
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